Swarm

Swarm官网是这样介绍的：「Swarm 是一个用于主权数字社会的去中心化存储和通讯系统」。
Swarm是一个由点对点网络节点组成的系统，可创建分散的存储和通信服务。由于通过以太坊区块链上的智能合约执行的内置激励系统，该系统在经济上可实现自我运转。
Swarm 直译过来是「蜂群」的意思。Swarm 对「蜂群」可谓情有独钟，其最新客户端被命名为 Bee，代币符号 BZZ 也模拟蜜蜂飞行时的声音。
业内津津乐道的是 Swarm 的出身。Swarm 的构想诞生于 Vitalik Buterin 和 Gavin Wood 早期关于以太坊的探讨。Vitalik Buterin 曾 撰文 回忆过以太坊史前史，他提到：
&ldquo;Gavin 的贡献很大程度上归功于其视野上的微妙变化，一开始基于区块链的合约 (根据预设规则持有数字资产和转移资产) 将以太坊视为构建可编程货币的平台，然后发展到通用计算平台。 这一切始于重点和术语上的微妙变化，后来随着对 「Web 3」 日益重视，这种影响变得更加强大，后者将以太坊视为一整套去中心化技术的一部分，另外两个是 Whisper 和 Swarm。&rdquo;
在最初的构想中，以太坊是三位一体的。世界计算机由计算、存储和通讯三个部分组成。以太坊承担计算的角色，Whisper 和 Swarm 分别提供存储和通讯功能。而在 Swarm 最新的介绍中，Swarm 同时把存储和通讯纳入其中。
Swarm 从 2015 年立项，最早由以太坊基金会提供资助，后来剥离出来成为独立机构。Swarm 在今年 2 月完成 600 万美元融资，投资机构包含 KR1、HashKey、NGC Ventures 等。其在融资公告中披露核心团队有 32 人，分为 8 个小组：Leet Squad、Bee 团队、Bee-JS 团队、Comms、HR、DevOps、Ops 和 Knowledge Management。
以太坊上昂贵的计算资源注定它无法用来大规模存储数据，但存储又是去中心化应用走向大众的必不可缺的要素。作为以太坊生态原始成员之一，Swarm 的主要目的是为生态内 DApp 代码、用户数据和链上数据提供去中心化存储服务。
在 Swarm 被提出的早期，IPFS 还没有问世，Bittorrent 是当时互联网上最流行的分布式文件存储协议。但是，Bittorrent 存在明显的问题是缺乏激励机制，用户无偿共享文件的动力不足。如何设计一个系统来实现稳定持久的、去中心化的数据存储和交换？区块链刚好提供了激励思路，Swarm 选择通过智能合约来实现激励机制。
Swarm 激励系统围绕 Swap （交换）、Swear （保证）、和 Swindle （欺诈）三个重要合约组件建立而成。Swarm 旨在为 DApp 代码、用户数据，区块链和状态数据提供去中心化和冗余存储，以及为不可追踪的通信提供了底层构造，内置的激励系统通过以太坊区块链上的智能合约实施。以太坊开发者可以通过 Swarm 完成数据的去中心化存储任务，而不再直接依赖于 IPFS 和 Filecoin 这样的外部生态。相比 Filecoin，二者最大的区别是技术细节和激励机制。Filecoin 不惩罚存储，而 Swarm 惩罚存储，前者因为没有存储的惩罚机制导致垃圾内容泛滥，而后者通过存储惩罚提高了文件可用性和安全性。
Swarm 的原生代币符号为 BZZ，BZZ 是功能性代币，同时也用于带宽和存储奖励。BZZ 的初始发行量是 6250 万（注意：不一定是最后的代币总量）。
作为以太坊的「亲儿子」，Swarm 不仅获得了明星团队的支持和品牌效应，更重要的是其与以太坊生态融合的得天独厚的优势。依托以太坊强大的网络效应，Swarm 如果成功吸引以太坊生态内 DApp 使用它的去中心化存储服务，其发展前景不难想象。同时，Swarm 对其生态建设也颇为重视，在 2020 年就发起了生态项目资助计划，目前资助的项目达 26 个。
但是，Swarm 也存在一些明显的问题。包括工程进展缓慢和经济模型不清晰。
Swarm 在 2015 年推出，最初几年一直悄无声息，直到去年 6 月开始，才展开一系列动作，发布白皮书「The Book of Swarm」并启动网络。根据项目发展路线，Swarm 在 2015 年至 2020 年，一直处于研究阶段，不免让人怀疑项目的真实资历和工程推进能力。相比之下，Filecoin 从 2017 年开始到去年上线，工程动作上要迅速很多，而且从机制设计上看，Filecoin 的复杂度要高于 Swarm。
经济模型不清晰也是一个亟待解决的问题。从 Swarm 白皮书以及公开信息中，尚未发现 BZZ 在网络中的清晰定位，BZZ 代币的价值该如何捕获？此外，挖矿机制也尚未公布，在代币分配方案中也并不包含挖矿部分，这或许意味着，网络会通过增发来激励矿工。经济模型对项目的重要性不言而喻，但 Swarm 至今仍未公布相关具体信息。

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Swarm (BZZ) 简介

Swarm 宣布已完成 600 万美元私募融资。根据 Swarm 披露的信息，投资方包括 Alphemy Capital、Bitscale Capital、DFG、KR1、HashKey、NGC Ventures、The LAO、LD Capital 、YBB Foundation、Waterdrip Capital 等。

私募

Swarm 公募于北京时间 6 月 15 日 1:00 在 CoinList 上开启。公募将提供两种方式，价格均为 1.92 美元，代币均将于 2021 年 8 月 2 日左右解锁。
第一种方式在北京时间 2021 年 6 月 15 日 1:00 至 2021 年 6 月 15 日 12:59 进行，用户最少购买 100 美元，最高 500 美元；第二种方式在北京时间 2021 年 6 月 16 日 1:00 至 2021 年 6 月 17 日 12:59 进行，用户最少最小购买 100 美元，最高 1 万美元。当第一种方式销售的代币有剩余时，将开启第二种销售方式。

公募

2021.06.15 以太坊存储项目Swarm 1.0 主网正式上线 2021.04.27 去中心化存储协议Swarm将发布0.6.0版本，新增代币支付和轻节点等功能 2021.02.15 以太坊储存基础设施Swarm将空投100万枚BZZ代币 主网预计在上半年上线

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